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[[Image:Axle - Semi trailing-arm 23.gif|thumb|Semi-trailing arm suspension|Semi-trailing ...to the rear of) the [[axle]] and the [[chassis]]. It is used on the front axle.

...right|A [[MacPherson strut]] type rear independent suspension on an [[Four-wheel drive|AWD]] car. The anti-roll bar has some orange paint on it.]] ...anti-roll bars or other such mechanisms. The anti-roll bar ties the left and right suspension spring rates together but does not tie their motion togeth

...bile]] [[internal-combustion engine|engine]] in front of or on the front [[axle]]. ...which takes up a great deal of space is packaged in a location passengers and luggage typically would not use. The main deficit is [[weight distribution]

...g|thumb|250px|[[Saab Sonett]] mk1 used the MF layout by turning the engine and running it "backwards".]] ...ve layout]] (FF), the [[center of mass]] of the engine is behind the front axle. This layout is typically chosen for its better weight distribution (the h

...ve]]''' means a layout where the [[engine]] is in the front of the vehicle and drive wheels at the rear. This was the traditional automobile layout for mo ...0bhp, as the weight transference during acceleration loads the rear wheels and increases grip.

...servos|(vacuum servo)]], the [[master cylinder]], the apportioning valves and finally the brakes themselves. ...the rotating part (drum brake or disc brake) during the brake application and then releases it to the air gradually.

...by disallowing wheel speed differentiation between two wheels on the same axle under certain conditions. ...problem with its capability of delivering 100% of available torque to the wheel with the most traction.

...positive [[Camber angle|camber]] of the wheels on the outside of the turn and negative on the inside, which reduces their cornering grip (especially with ...stiffness, which is a function of the spring rate of the vehicle's springs and of the anti-roll bars, if any. The use of anti-roll bars allows designers t

...y were much more practical than the horse-drawn carriages used at the time and that drivers were still very undemanding in terms of speed. ...g the most important four names were: Stigler, [[STAE]], [[FRAM|F.R.A.M.]] and Ausonia.

...he effective spring rate of the bar is determined by its length, diameter, and material. ...k torsion key, rotating the stock keys too far can bend the adjusting bolt and (more importantly) place the shock piston outside the standard travel. Ove

...or [[automobile]]. Other names for three-wheelers include Trikes, Tricars and Cyclecars. The term [[Tricycle]] is used somewhat interchangeably, but the ...e front, (for example: [[Morgan Motor Company]]) or one wheel at the front and two at the back (such as the [[Reliant Robin]]).

|Transmission || four gears, and reverse acting with the engine block |Suspension || rear axle suspended on leaf springs, hydraulic shock absorbers

|Suspension Front || independent with leaf springs and the triangular control arm |Rear Suspension || rigid axle with coil springs Petroleum

|Construction ||cast-iron block and head |Front suspension || rigid axle, semi-elliptic leaf springs, friction dampers

...for other circular objects that rotate or turn, such as a [[Ship's wheel]] and [[flywheel]]. ==History of the wheel and axle==

...d. He returned to the United states for the 1910 event but a damaged real axle forced him out of the race. ...lemanly of nature and immaculate in dress, his skill as a driver, mechanic and diplomat earned him the position of 'works' Fiat driver alongside [[Vincenz

...ly instead. [[Rear wheel drive]] was the traditional standard while [[four wheel drive]] is also sometimes used. See also [[FF layout]]. ...[[Citroën Traction Avant|Traction Avant]] cars from [[Citroën]] in Europe, and the contemporary [[Cord 810|810]] from [[Cord Automobile]] in the United St

...e [[center of gravity]] of the [[engine]] itself is actually past the rear axle. This is not to be confused with the center of gravity of the vehicle itse ...pically chosen for a combination of several reasons. For optimal handling and to eliminate the phenomenon known as [[torque steer]], the wheels which pro

...sistance at both wheels is equal, the pinion gear (green) does not rotate, and both wheels turn at the same rate.]] [[Image:Transmission diagram.JPG|thumb|The differential on the rear [[axle]] of a car]]

...ylinders are not truly in line but displaced by the width of one crank pin and one crank-shaft web.''']] ...crankshaft. It is part of the class of [[flat engine]]s, sub-type "boxer", and shares most characteristics of those engines.

...]]s are mounted to the [[crankshaft]] such that opposing pistons move back and forth in opposite directions at the same time, somewhat like a [[boxing]] c ...which makes it more suitable for luxury sports cars, cruising motorcycles, and aircraft than ordinary passenger cars.

...ally places the engine in the front of the vehicle, but the [[mid engine]] and [[rear engine]] layouts are also used. The vast majority of rear wheel drive vehicles use a longitudinally-mounted engine in the front of the vehi

...e overhead camshaft solid lifter four-cylinder engine with cast iron block and light alloy heads |Suspension || Independent front suspension<br>Live rear axle

...on]] steering. Primulas were built in the Autobianchi factory in [[Desio]] and were priced comparably to the [[BMC ADO16|Austin/Morris 1100]] models built ...rear-engined]]. Meanwhile, a practical concept emerged, namely the [[front-wheel drive]] layout with the engine mounted [[transverse engine| transversely]],

...e]] made by [[Fiat]], introduced at the November 1966 [[Turin Auto Show]], and manufactured until 1985. Most of the cars were exported to the [[United Sta ...factured the Coupé in-house while the Spider's [[monocoque]] was designed and produced by Italian carozzeria [[Pininfarina]] &mdash; at the time Pininfar

| Body_style || 2-seat GT Coupe and Spyder | Transmission || ZF 5-speed and reverse

...spired by classic formal charges, but interpreted in an ultra-contemporary and innovative human-machine interface in it.''']] ...tive formula means tangible competitive advantages in terms of design cost and timescales. Over time, this approach has met with the favor of increasingly

...mmer 2001. The bodywork is styled by the automotive stylist Thomas Tjaarda and is manufactured in Cherasco, Italy by Laforza International, srl. ...Windsor engine|Ford V8]] (more commonly known as the 5.0 Liter) EFI engine and the AOD transmission, coupled with a "2wd high, 4wd high, 4wd low" Newproce

...t was the first vehicle to feature the famed Bugatti arch-shaped radiator, and is regarded by many as the most-beautiful pre-war racing car. ...ugatti organized the [[Targa Florio]] as a special spotlight for this car, and it claimed victory there for five consecutive years, from [[1925]] through

...ever is most commonly a handle on the floor between the [[driving|driver]] and front passenger (hence the ''hand brake'' name), or a [[pedal]] in the foot ...the event of a crash - less momentum can be gained through the car rolling and hence more energy is transferred to the disfigurement of the crashed vehicl

...e bodies for it, it was offered with 3 different wheelbases, short, medium and long. fisrt car to have gas pedal and a gearbox with 4 forward gears. The road model could achieve top speed of 7

...ith green dots. If the vehicle understeers, the front wheels lose traction and the vehicle tends to follow the red dotted line.''']] ..., and limit handling understeer, which is at higher lateral accelerations, and is what racing drivers are talking about when they use the term.

...gine, followed the year after by the 10-12HP (1884[[cc]] two-[[cylinder]]) and the 14-18HP (2724cc four-cylinder). The success of these models led to more ...ars and [[Newton]], builder of cars badged NB) whose experience, equipment and plans were all used by Diatto. A bodyshop was also founded for the internal

...clutch was used. Four-wheel cable-operated [[drum brakes]] were available and centre-lock [[wire wheels]] were the usual fitment. ...he company had resulted from the merger of two companies,Grondona Comi & C and Miani Silvestri & C. Originally, OM manufactured railway stock. Car produc

...y the [[Italy|Italian]] [[automaker]] Fiat, made as [[sedan (car)|saloon]] and [[coupé]]. ...g]]s in the rear), standard power steering and four-wheel [[disc brakes]], and was the first Fiat to adopt an alternator instead of a direct-current gener

...bined them with what was, by the standards of the time, a very lightweight and nimble handling chassis design. Much experience gained in development of hi ...le]] [[Milano]] in April 1925, and then reappeared at both the Paris Salon and the London Motor Shows. Deliveries to customers of the original single-[[ca

...aneuverability, low weight and power rather than comfort, passenger space, and economy. ...ce is key. Drivers regard brand name and the subsequent racing reputation and history ([[Ferrari]], [[Porsche]], [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]], etc.) as an import

...ces, and [[steam engine]]s, mainly in support of [[pump]]ing, [[mill]]ing, and [[hoist]]ing applications. ...imply called "gears") are used to slow down the output speed of the engine and increase torque. However, the highest gear(s) may be an "[[overdrive (mech

...latives|the first]] car to feature a load-bearing [[monocoque]]-type body, and it also pioneered the use of an [[independent suspension]] (the front [[sli * '''2nd series''', produced between 1923 and 1924, 1,100 built. Minor modifications for engine.

...eneva Motor Show]] in 1963 by [[Lancia]]. It was produced by that company, and later by [[FIAT]], through 1976. Fulvias are notable for their role in [[au ...Berlina' (4 door saloon) 'Coupe' and 'Sport' an alternative coupe designed and built by Zagato on the Coupe floorpan.'''

...orghini Miura|Miura]]. It was distinguished by amply glazed gullwing-doors and an equally amply louvered rear window. Propulsion was by a 2L {{Auto bhp|17 ...car was painted in silver. This car was driven only once by Princess Grace and her husband as the Monaco Grand-Prix pace car the same year it was designed

...Menarini]] imprinted in it a so great activity so as to ensure a constant and increasing development. ...the Company started, with good results, and also built car bodies for cars and taxi.

...m Fiat vehicles; these concepts included [[fibreglass]] bodies and [[front-wheel drive]]. ...rnal combustion engine|engine]], [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] and [[Differential (mechanics)|differential]] (final drive) that has become pre

...ere built in total. The Sprint was sold in Europe, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. ...Romeo 33]]. There were a few prototypes of 2.5 V6 rear mounted engine rear wheel drive Sprints built but this vehicle never made full serial production.

...ed at prototype level. The B24 was the first diesel car to reach 200 km/h, and the C36 in its final prototype form reached 300 km/h with its [[VM Motori]] ...Covini officially announced the public release of the C6W. The peculiar 6-wheel format draws inspiration from the [[Tyrrell P34]] [[Formula One]] car of th

...itself and any cargo or luggage from damage and wear. The design of front and [[rear suspension]] of a car may be different. ...[[Suspension (motorcycle)]], [[Motorcycle fork]], [[Bicycle suspension]], and [[Bicycle fork]] articles.

...[live axle]] in the rear, were [[FR layout|front-engined]], and had [[worm and sector]] steering. ...oduce over 200&nbsp;hp. Bodywork was done by [[Pininfarina|Pinin Farina]] and [[Vignale]]. The 340 was produced for only about one year, replaced by its

| Transmission || 4 and 5-speed manual<br />3-speed automatic ...ngle [[overhead camshaft]] engines. Revisions were made in 1978 and 1981, and all models were produced until production ceased in 1984.

...er Types 15, 17, 22, and 23, began with the company's founding in [[1910]] and lasted through [[1920]] with 435 examples produced. Most road cars used an ...ototyped as the '''Type 10''' in [[Ettore Bugatti]]'s basement in [[1908]] and [[1909]] while he was chief engineer at [[Deutz Gasmotoren Fabrik]] in [[Co

...[[ZF Friedrichshafen AG|ZF]] 4 speed and reverse (5-speed from 1961), Rear wheel drive ...[Italy]], being the company's first attempt at the [[Gran Turismo]] market and large-volume production.

...Isotta-Fraschini. Prior to establishing their own company in 1903, Isotta and Fraschini were assembling Renault autombiles beginning in 1899. ...the 19teens and 1920s, and the car represents both the height her glamour and how its time has past.

|Body Style:||[[FF layout|FF]] [[Hatchback]], [[Station wagon|Estate]] and [[Sedan|Saloon]] ...'Arco]] in southern Italy, hence the car's name, ''Alfa Sud'' (Alfa South) and developed by [[Austria]]n [[Rudolf Hruschka]].

...inder, side valve, water-cooled engine mounted in front of the front axle, and so was a full-scale car rather than a [[cyclecar]]. (The radiator was locat Its top speed was about 53&nbsp;mph (85&nbsp;km/h), and it could achieve about 39.2mpg. The Topolino sold for about 8,900&nbsp;lire

...e from [[minicar]]s to [[sports car]]s, using all the different layouts as and when they were the best solution at the time to meet the design parameters. ...ng the chassis to Giacosa. Giacosa was engineering manager at Fiat by 1937 and he had become director of the engineering division of Fiat by 1950.

...They were available as a [[saloon car|saloon]] and [[estate car|estate]], and spawned a [[convertible]] version, which shared little mechanically with th .... In the Italian range, the 1300 was replaced by the [[Fiat 124]] in 1966, and the 1500 by the [[Fiat 125]] a year later.

...t was a 2+2 coupe using the 1600 cc engine of the [[Alfa Romeo Giulia]] Ti and the chassis of the [[Alfa Romeo Giulia Sprint GT]], with a body designed by ...st production car, Tipo 10564, was shown at the 1970 [[Geneva Motor Show]] and was quite different from the original, using a 2593&nbsp;cc 90° [[dry-sump

...Brazil it was the ''bola de futebol de fenemê'' (soccer ball of a truck), and in Chile its still called the "huevito" (little egg). ...by taking two scooters, placing them close together, adding a refrigerator and shaping the result ''like a teardrop in the wind''.

'''AC Cars Group Ltd.''' is a British specialist car manufacturing company and one of the oldest independent car marques in Britain. Based in [[Weybridge, ...n behind [[Napier]], joined the board in 1921 and in 1922 both John Weller and John Portwine left.

...na]] design, the Daytona was radically different. Its sharp-edged styling and covered headlights resembled a [[Lamborghini]] more than a traditional Pini ...e]] car. Customers were disappointed that Ferrari stuck with this layout, and the Daytona was replaced by the [[MR layout|mid-engined]] [[Ferrari 512 Ber

...eing used as a development arena by Lotus, Cooper, Porsche and [[Ferrari]] and the grids were populated by Formula I drivers. Lurani’s proposal was quic ...ch would also qualify. The Italians quickly made cars for the new formula, and the first race was held on January 1958 at [[Monza]].

...he Italian manufacturer [[Maserati]]. Only 12 cars were built between 1951 and 1953. ...or]]s, delivered 160hp to 197hp. It was developed by [[Alberto Massimino]] and [[Vittorio Bellentani]].

| class="lightbg" id="car_specsright" | aluminum block and head | class="lightbg" id="car_specsright" | All wheel drive

...e of around 1500 per year. Research into mechanical devices such as brakes and sunroof mechanisms was also followed. ...rt from the Farina brothers, who worked there included [[Boano]], [[Frua]] and [[Michelotti]]. They closed in the early 1950's. [http://www.carsfromitaly.

...o as the '''4200&nbsp;GT''', which is an evolution of the prior model name and a reference to the increase in [[engine displacement]] from 3.2&nbsp;L (321 ...Auto Show]]. Sales in the United States began in March 2002 for the Spyder and in May for the Coupé. The release of the Spyder heralded Maserati's return

...as "road holding". Handling is an esoteric performance area because rapid and violent manoeuvres are often only used in unforeseen circumstances. (This ...s, whose engineering requirements emphasize handling above passenger space and comfort, are called [[sports car]]s.

...LAFORZA 000.jpg|thumb|right|224px|The Italian built [[Laforza]] for the US and European markets was a 4WD vehicle with a transfer case to select low range ...:80EagleDriveTrain.jpg|thumb|right|224px|1980 [[AMC Eagle]] 4x4 drivetrain and suspension components. The third differential is in the center. This setup

...ckpit, open wheel race cars that have substantial wings at front and rear, and position the engine behind the driver. The regulations governing the cars a ''See'' [[Formula One regulations]] ''for a summary of the current technical and sporting regulations.''

...car entered production in [[2004]] with 30 to be produced (5 not for sale) and a further 25 produced in [[2005]]. All 50 were pre-sold for [[euro|€]]600 ...large. Other criticisms include the lack of trunk, rear window, spare tire and [[radio]].

...nd military vehicles. Astra was privately founded in 1946 in [[Cagliari]], and since 1986 is a member [[Iveco]], part of the [[Fiat Group]]. In 1951 Astra ...STRA is a manufacturer referent in the transport sector in quarries, mines and work the hardest. -->

...pension || [[Independent suspension|Independent]], [[torsion spring]]s and friction dampers | Rear suspension || [[Live axle]], [[leaf spring]]s and friction dampers

...gy made the classic American "Desert", always using mechanical Volkswagen, and marketed under the name "Puma" at the price of 1,300,000 lire with motor pr ...e protagonist of the film "Altrimenti ci arrabbiamo" played by Bud Spencer and Terence Hill.

...7' Quattroporte joined two other notable grand tourers, the [[Facel Vega]] and the [[Lagonda Rapide]], which could comfortably do 200km/h on the new motor ...256&nbsp;hp ([[horsepower#hp (SAE)|SAE]]) (191&nbsp;kW) at 5,600&nbsp;rpm, and either a five-speed ZF [[manual transmission]] or a three-speed [[Automatic

...]] racing, [[Formula 2]], [[GT]] [[sports car]] world championship pursuit and regular road car production, resources available in [[Maranello]] would not ...s already allocated to the production of larger cars which were profitable and which provided the funding for the racing efforts. Also, Ferrari could not

| Platform || [[FR layout|FR]]/[[Rear-wheel drive|RWD]] ...gato]] ,[[Carrozzeria Touring|Touring]] ,[[Carrozzeria Castagna|Castagna]] and [[Pininfarina]].

...sionals. Karting is commonly perceived as the stepping stone to the higher and more expensive ranks of motorsports. ...driver of 145 kilograms, can accelerate from 0-60mph in under 4.5 seconds, and has a top speed of 75mph. It has a better power to weight ratio than a Ferr

...ger race distances. The P3 was the first genuine single seater racing car, and was powered by a supercharged eight cylinder engine. The car was very light ...[[Rudolf Caracciola]], including all 3 major Grands Prix in Italy, France and Germany.

...meo's reliability problems that plagued the company through the late 1970s and early 1980s. ...r. The Alfetta was renewed in 1979 with a revised frontend, new wheel rims and new lights, as well as a Diesel version.

...a high-friction bond between the car and the road to improve acceleration and handling. Today most tires, especially those fitted to motor vehicles, are ...ad very little in the way of shock absorption and journeys were very bumpy and uncomfortable.

...ss of pre-World War II [[Italian]] sports and racing cars like [[Ferrari]] and [Maserati], other wealthy [[Italian]] industrialists with a passion for mot ...by sporting goods, specializing in tennis rackets, bicycles, and clothing and, during the war, military uniforms. He was also a property developer.

...m Giulia Sprint GT to Giulia Sprint and to GTJ ([[GT 1300 Junior|Junior]]) and GTV ([[Alfa Romeo Sprint GT (Veloce)|Veloce]]) in the late 1960s. .... [[Andrea de Adamich]] claimed the title in 1966. Later on, the 1750 GTAm and the 2000 GTAm cars were lead to victory by Toine Hezemans, who won the 24 h

...e car brand after the conturbated, cash strapped era of the late [[1970s]] and early [[1980s]]. ...restige sporting sedan, but were tired of German offerings such as [[BMW]] and [[Mercedes Benz]].

|Successor || [[Alfa Romeo Alfetta#GT, GTV and GTV6|Alfa Romeo Alfetta GT, GTV & GTV6]] ...ccessors to the celebrated [[Alfa Romeo Giulietta|Giulietta Sprint]] coupé and used a shortened [[floorpan]] from the [[Alfa Romeo Giulia|Giulia]] [[Sedan

...5 6.3&nbsp;litre Bimotore, the 1935 3.8&nbsp;litre Monoposto 8C 35 Type C, and the Alfa Romeo 8C 2900B Mille Miglia Roadster. It also powered top of the r ...r Alfa Romeo, the 1987&nbsp;cc [[Alfa Romeo P2|P2]], with common crankcase and four plated steel two cylinder blocks, which won the first World Championsh

...ut || [[Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout|Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive]] ...%;"><blockquote>"the X1/9 is a remarkably safe car with excellent handling and high reserves of roadholding..."</blockquote></div>

| Body style || 3 and 5-door [[hatchback]] ...|| [[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]]

...e 1929]]) while also glorious [[Lancia Lambda|Lambda]] concluded its cycle and therefore was replaced. The Dilambda 4 liter V8, while the Lambda, original ==History and the Characteristics==

...sa]] [[Torino|torinese]] in two periods, from [[the 1931]] to [[the 1936]] and from [[the 1940]] to [[the 1942]]. ...Lancia Lambda|Lambda]] that it seems to have concluded its decennial cycle and goes therefore replaced.

...eferred to "new Panda" or "Nuova Panda" (in [[Italian language|Italian]]), and was the [[European Car of the Year]] in 2004. ...ly simple car was also evident in the rear suspension, which used a [[dead axle]] suspended on [[leaf spring]]s. Later versions of the car added various me

...cia Augusta ''' is an [[automobile]] that [[Lancia]] produced between 1933 and 1936. ...ure is previewed for the “inner guide” (or [[sedan]] that to say it wants) and not, com'era the case of [[Lancia Lambda|Lambda]], for the “[[torpedoing]

...e capacity and tecnology, in other fields, like marine, industrial engines and a collaboration with [[Isotta Fraschini]] . ...htweight motorcycle. Probably the natural alpine scenario suggest the logo and the fauna the marque name "Capriolo" (the word Capriolo, is the name of a s

...e|vehicle]] design, construction, and equipment to minimise the occurrence and consequences of [[automobile accident]]s. ([[Road traffic safety]] more br Improvements in roadway and automobile design have steadily reduced injury and death rates in all [[first world]] countries. Nevertheless, auto collisions

...ngine displacement (5999&nbsp;cc), [[Gran Turismo]] [[Berlinetta]] nature, and the [[Fiorano Circuit]] test track used by Ferrari. ...s of 330 km/h (205 mph), 3.7 second sprint to 100&nbsp;km/h (62&nbsp;mph), and 11.0 to 200&nbsp;km/h (124&nbsp;mph).

...ssful early line of vehicles, produced for over a decade from 1953 to 1964 and spawning countless variants. The 250 was replaced by the [[Ferrari 275|275 ...cars share the same two wheelbases, 2400&nbsp;mm for short wheelbase (SWB) and 2600&nbsp;mm for long wheelbase (LWB). Most convertibles used the SWB type

...smallest V4 ever built. Bore and stroke were new again at 65 mm by 68 mm, and output was just 28.8 hp (21.5 kW). ...which a single camshaft sets in action, through eight auctions much court (and balances), the valves, that they turn out tilted regarding the axis of the

...992) was an [[Italy|Italian]] businessman, [[motor racing|racing driver]], and [[racing car]] builder. ...mara]]. He returned to Italy in 1939 and with his savings, opened a garage and [[car rental|rental car]] ''cum'' [[limousine]] service in downtown Forlì.

...p length of over 25 km, it allows the participation of more than 200 cars, and over 700 drivers. ...ike the [[Marathon de la Route]]. This substitute for the Liége-Rome-Liége and Liége-Sofia-Liège rallies was held on the Nürburgring from 1965 to 1971.

...orks. It sports a drop handlebar and thin tires and wheels for efficiency and aerodynamics.]] ...cycle]]'' features oversized tires, a sturdy frame, front shock absorbers, and handlebars oriented perpendicular to the bike's axis]]

...ude weapons systems, anti-pursuit systems, alternate transportation modes, and various other functions. ...known || Bond steals the parked car while its owner uses a pay phone booth and makes haste towards Octopussy's Circus, pursued by two Bavarian BMW police