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...Italy from the Byzantines, forming the [[Kingdom of Sicily]]. After the [[Hohenstaufen]] confrontation with the [[Papacy]], the kingdom passed to [[Charles of Anj

...oman Emperor|Frederick II]], the city subsequently remained loyal to the [[Hohenstaufen]]: in this way it was almost totally destroyed by [[Charles I of Anjou|Char

==Normans, Hohenstaufen and Anjou== [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II Hohenstaufen]] founded the [[university]] in [[1224]], considering Naples as his intelle

...this point onward. Rule of the island was passed from the Normans to the [[Hohenstaufen]] Kings, followed by the [[Angevin]]s, and then the [[Aragon]]ese, until [[

...ate 12th to early 13th centuries, Apulia was a favorite residence of the [[Hohenstaufen]] emperors, notably [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]]. Aft

...by allied cities of Lombardy, usually led by Milan, managed to defeat the Hohenstaufen emperor [[Frederick Barbarossa|Frederick I]], at Legnano, and his nephew [[

...a ("Eagle" in Italian) was indeed chosen after the heraldic eagle in the [[Hohenstaufen]] arms. The construction was completed in [[1254]] under Frederick's son, [

...]]). Brescia came through this assault victorious. After the fall of the [[Hohenstaufen]], republican institutions declined at Brescia as in the other free cities

...y Roman Emperors]] long-held designs on the region came to fruition. The [[Hohenstaufen]] rule ended in defeat, but the conquering French of [[Charles of Anjou]] w

...died out and the south [[Germanic peoples|German]] ([[Swabia|Swabian]]) [[Hohenstaufen]] dynasty ruled starting in 1194, adopting Palermo as its principal seat fr Conflict between the Hohenstaufen house and the Papacy led in 1266 to Sicily's conquest by [[Charles I of Nap

...mon]] which are all still seen in the cuisine today. The [[Normans]] and [[Hohenstaufen]]s introduced a fondness for meat dishes. The [[Spain|Spanish]] introduced

...ternal struggles did not weaken its cultural life. After the fall of the [[Hohenstaufen]] at the [[Battle of Benevento]] in [[1266]], it was the first province of

...ternal struggles did not weaken its cultural life. After the fall of the [[Hohenstaufen]] at the [[Battle of Benevento]] in [[1266]], it was the first province of