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...ten coupled with [[anti-lock braking system]]s, EBD can apply more or less braking pressure to each wheel in order to maximize stopping power. ...wheels, the left or right. The final result is more precise and effective braking under all conditions.

...odulation (EPM) that controls the back pressure which in turn improves the braking performance across a range of engine speeds. ...power output. More performance is usually easily had by down shifting the vehicle (increasing the [[leverage]] , or [[gear ratio]] of the engine over the whe

...and guarantees optimum distribution of brake power in corners, keeping the vehicle heading in the intended direction even if the brakes are applied suddenly. In addition, the physically-dependent over-steering while braking on curves is compensated. CBC counteracts these tendencies by modulating br

...''' and [[Electronic Stability Control]] systems, on current production [[vehicle]]s, are typically (but not necessarily) electro-hydraulic systems designed #Close the throttle, if the vehicle is fitted with drive by wire throttle.

...icles or heavy equipment. "Jake Brake" is a registered trademark of Jacobs Vehicle Systems, Inc. ...e operation to use engine [[Physical compression|compression]] to slow the vehicle. They are also known as compression release engine brakes.

...e [[kinetic energy]] that would otherwise be lost to [[heat]] when [[brake|braking]] and make use of that power either by storing it for future use or feeding ...ct. None of these methods of braking are capable of completely stopping a vehicle, and therefore are not a substitute for friction brakes.

'''Brake linings''' are the consumable surfaces in [[brake|braking systems]], especially those used in vehicles. ...rake linings; as a result, brake dust should never be inhaled. Most major vehicle manufacturers have banned the use of asbestos in brake linings.

...e a device called a [[jake brake]] to increase the effectiveness of engine braking. ...[[heat]] in the fuel-air mixture. These hot gasses are exhausted from the vehicle and heat is transferred from engine components to the air.

...rned to the supply line.<br /> Dynamic braking lowers the wear of friction braking components and additionally Regeneration can also lower energy consumption. During braking the motor [[Stator|fields]] are connected across either the main traction g

A '''regenerative brake''' is a mechanism that reduces [[vehicle]] speed by converting some of its [[kinetic energy]] into electrical energy ...ly system]]. In [[Battery electric vehicle|battery electric]] and [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid electric]] vehicles, the energy is stored in a [[battery (electricit

...rung weight]] substantially, improving ride, [[car handling|handling]] and braking. This system was more common in the [[1960s]], found on such cars as the [ [[Category:Vehicle braking technologies]]

==Vehicle axles== ...serve one or more of the following purposes depending on the design of the vehicle:

An '''emergency brake''' is a separate [[brake]] system in a vehicle for use in case of failure of the regular (hydraulic or air) brakes and com * [[Air brake (road vehicle)]]

...e [[kinetic energy]] that would otherwise be lost to [[heat]] when [[brake|braking]] and make use of that power either by storing it for future use or feeding ...harge of the battery, how many wheels are equipped to use the regenerative braking system, and whether the topology used is parallel or serial in nature.

...ring (device)|springs]], [[shock absorber]]s, and suspension links. If the vehicle's [[brake]]s are mounted outboard (i.e., within the wheel), their weight is ...simple [[leaf spring]]s), vertical forces exerted by acceleration or hard braking combined with high unsprung mass can lead to severe wheel hop, compromising

...the material and the brakes must be further depressed to obtain effective braking action. This increase of pedal motion is known as ''[[brake fade]]'' and ca ...the [[Toyota]] [[Prius]]. (Hybrid vehicles greatly reduce everyday wear on braking systems owing to their energy recovery motor-generators.)

...mechanics)|dynamics]] of [[vehicle]]s, here assumed to be ground vehicles. Vehicle dynamics is a part of [[engineering]] primarily based on [[classical mechan This article applies primarily to [[automobile]]s. For [[single-track vehicle]]s, specifically the two-wheeled variety, see [[Bicycle and motorcycle dyna

...n steering control under heavy braking and, in most situations, to shorten braking distances (by allowing the driver to hit the brake fully without the fear o ...itself (ie, preventing wheel locking) but also traction control, [[BAS]] (Braking Assist System), anti-[[understeer]] [[ESP]] (Electronic Stability Program)

...n which the moveable, steerable [[wheel]] was mounted to the [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]]. Free to rotate on a single axis, it limited the degrees of f ...re force applied to the steering components by road surface imperfections, braking, etc. Zero scrub radius isolates the steering from these effects but can le

...axle. This is not to be confused with the center of gravity of the whole vehicle, as an imbalance of such proportions would make it impossible to keep the f *Since the engine is located at an extremity, the rest of the vehicle can be used for passengers and luggage

A '''double wishbone [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]]''' is an [[automobile]] [[independent suspension]] design usi ...lightly shorter to induce more negative camber on the outside wheel as the vehicle body rolls in a turn. Between the arms there is a knuckle with a spindle or

...o the actual brake mechanism, which is usually at or near the wheel of the vehicle. ...l, a [[master cylinder]], hydraulic lines, a "[[slave cylinder]]", and the braking unit.

In the earliest days of railways, braking was primitive and relied on a mixture of: * hauling special [[brake van]]s to assist with the braking effort.

Some x-by-wire technologies have been already installed on commercial vehicles such as steer-by-wire, a == Architecture of an Electromechanical Braking System ==

...Brake fade can be a factor in any [[vehicle]] that utilizes a [[friction]] braking system including [[automobile]]s, [[truck]]s, [[motorcycle]]s, [[airplane]] Brake fade is caused by a buildup of heat in the braking surfaces and the subsequent changes and reactions in the brake system compo

A '''multi-link suspension''' is a type of [[suspension (vehicle)|vehicle suspension]] design typically used in independent suspensions, using three The arms have to react traction and braking loads, usually accomplished via a longitudinal link. They also have to cont

A '''double wishbone [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]]''' is an [[automobile]] [[independent suspension]] design usi ...lightly shorter to induce more negative camber on the outside wheel as the vehicle body rolls in a turn. Between the arms there is a knuckle with a spindle or

The '''vacuum brake''' is a [[brake|braking]] system used on [[train]]s. It was first introduced in the mid 1860s and a ...to be coupled throughout the train, but it was impossible to arrange equal braking effort down the length of the train.

...ment. Unlike a drum brake, the disc brake has no self-servo effect and the braking force is always proportional to the pedal force being applied by the driver ...ng brake]] or [[emergency brake]]. As the front brakes perform most of the braking effort, this can be a reasonable compromise.

...g]], particularly at the limits where the driver might lose control of the vehicle. ...the driver's intended direction in [[steering]] and braking inputs, to the vehicle's response, via lateral [[acceleration]], rotation (yaw) and individual whe

...''' or '''park brake''') is a supplementary system that can be used if the vehicle's primary brake system (usually [[hydraulic brake]]s) has a failure. Automo ...ly when parked on an incline. It should be noted, however, that increasing vehicle moving resistance may increase damage in the event of a crash - less moment

...nding use however, such as driving [[off-road]], or for [[high performance vehicle]]s, such a state of affairs is undesirable, and the LSD can be employed to ...s quite rapidly, this method can create unsettling dynamic effects for the vehicle as a whole.

...forms of the automatic brake, thus, its use was expanded to include [[road vehicle]]s. ...ervice brakes on the towing vehicle will be capable of stopping the towing vehicle."

...d to resist the effects of [[deflation]] when punctured, and to enable the vehicle to continue to be driven at reduced speeds (up to 90 [[km/h]] or 55 [[mph]] == Technologies ==

The use of hydraulic systems in aircraft almost certainly began with braking systems.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} As aircraft performance increased in m [[Category:Vehicle braking technologies]]

'''Hydropneumatic''' is a type of [[automotive]] [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension system]] invented by [[Citroën]] and fitted to Citroën cars, ...I|post-war]] years, so the only way to maintain relatively high speed in a vehicle was if it could easily absorb road irregularities.

...er is being replaced, this procedure is the same regardless of whether the vehicle is equipped with ABS or not. ====Vehicle Preparation and Support====

...the [[United Nations]] established the [[World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations]], an [[international]] standards body advancing auto safety. M ...d road deaths in vehicles is not exact. An alternative method of assessing vehicle safety is to study the [[road accident statistics on a model-by-model basis

...the [[United Nations]] established the [[World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations]], an [[international]] standards body advancing auto safety. M ...d road deaths in vehicles is not exact. An alternative method of assessing vehicle safety is to study the [[road accident statistics on a model-by-model basis

Shock absorbers are an important part of [[automobile]] [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]]s, [[aircraft]] [[landing gear]], and the supports for many in ...heel bounce damping may require stiffer shocks than would be ideal for the vehicle motion alone.

...holds the record for the largest engine in a front wheel drive production vehicle, at 8.2&nbsp;L/500in³ (the 1970 model). The Cadillac Eldorado continued to ...[[Utah]] in 1987, going 202mph (325km/h), a record for a front wheel drive vehicle.

...c]] propulsion, creating a [[battery electric vehicle]]. In some cases the vehicle may be built by the converter, or assembled from a [[kit car]], and vehicle ...en built by two separate manufacturers. The result is a standard, complete vehicle.

Covini's first prototype, the Covini T44 Turbo, was a [[4x4]] off-road vehicle with the exterior body consisting entirely of flat, interchangeable panels. ...such as the air-liquid [[intercooler]]. It was the first [[diesel]] road vehicle to exceed 200 [[km/h]], with a top speed of 205 km/h.{{-}}

An '''air brake''' is a conveyance [[brake|braking system]] applied by means of [[Gas compressor|compressed air]]. Modern trai ...he Westinghouse system had a major effect on [[railroad]] safety. Reliable braking was assured, reducing the frequent accidents that plagued the industry. Bra

...itting hard interior elements of the vehicle or from being thrown from the vehicle. In cars seat belts also prevent rear-seat passengers from crashing into th ...lations in nearly all of the developed world requiring that all seats in a vehicle be equipped with three-point belts. By September 1, 2007, all new cars sold

...until control is regained. Electronic stability control does not improve a vehicle's cornering performance; rather it helps to minimize a loss of control. Th ...ion control system]]s. Traction control works by applying individual wheel braking and throttle to keep traction while accelerating but unlike ESC it is not d

...d is used to describe a [[vehicle]] intended for such a task on some other vehicle or object. ...r", and using "tractor" to mean other types of vehicles is known of in the vehicle trade but unfamiliar to much of the general public.

...hance that the occupant's head and upper body will strike some part of the vehicle's interior. They also help reduce the risk of serious injury by distributin ...al part of the vehicle design, it is not possible to retrofit airbags to a vehicle that does not have them.

...ns involves finding the right compromise. The suspension also protects the vehicle itself and any cargo or luggage from damage and wear. The design of front This article is primarily about four-wheeled (or more) vehicle suspension. For information on two-wheeled vehicles suspensions see the [[S

...technological expertise of Automobili Lamborghini. Innovative carbon-fiber technologies are being used here for the first time in an automotive application. As a 1 ...in the world to have mastered the complete CFRP process across a range of technologies, from 3D design through simulation, validation, production and testing - al

While designed as a homologation vehicle and a modification of a racing car the interior of the car is designed to b *Front: [[Brembo]] [[anti-lock braking system|ABS]], 380 mm (15 in) [[Disc brakes|discs]] with 6 [[Disc brake#Cali

...tems or components. The HV provide better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle because the engine is smaller and may be run at speeds providing more effic ...motor that drives the vehicle. This contrasts with all-[[Battery electric vehicle|electric car]]s which use batteries charged by an external source such as t

An '''automobile''' is a [[wheel]]ed [[passenger]] [[vehicle]] that carries its own [[car engine|motor]]. Most definitions of the term ...r"—derived from similar words in French and much earlier Greek words—for a vehicle that moves, especially on wheels, that was applied to [[chariot]]s, small c

The Fiat 131 employed construction techniques and technologies typical of its day. The body was a monocoque type, made of conventional [[ ...design proved far superior to many of its contemporaries, especially with vehicle stability and handling.

...ng in a straight line. Handling and braking are the major components of a vehicle's "active" safety. The maximum lateral acceleration is sometimes discussed ...ite'' to that of an actual change in the center of gravity. When a car is braking, the downward load on the front tires increases and that on the rear decrea

...f rigidity through the application of new advanced composite materials and technologies first tested on the Zonda R. The fuel tank is located integrally in the bes ...l parts and ducts unnecessary. The result of this attention to detail is a vehicle weighing 1.350 kg making the Huayra the lightest sportscar in its class.

'''Automobile safety''' is the study and practice of [[Automobile|vehicle]] design, construction, and equipment to minimise the occurrence and conseq ...countless other job tasks. In these instances, the employer providing the vehicle generally plays a major role in setting safety, maintenance, and training p

# 20 or more examples must have been made by the original vehicle manufacturer and offered for commercial sale to the public in new condition ...on: - 7.7&nbsp;L (7730&nbsp;cc/471&nbsp;in³) - [[TVR Cerbera Speed 12]] (''Vehicle never reached production'').

...designed as a modern day "peasant car": A cheap, basic, no-frills utility vehicle that would be easy to use and maintain. The car can be seen as a later appr ...ipped with [[electronic stability program|stability control]], [[anti-lock braking system|ABS]], [[electronic brakeforce distribution|EBD]] and at least two f

...London]]. We can assume a name change occurred when Johnson patented his vehicle and named it “pedestrian curricle” or “velocipede,” but the public ...concerning [[Human-powered transport|human-powered vehicles]] often using technologies similar to the draisine, even if the idea of a workable 2-wheel design, req

...s a [[bicycle pedal|pedal-driven]] [[human-powered transport|human-powered vehicle]] with two [[bicycle wheel|wheels]] attached to a [[bicycle frame|frame]], ...rial realms. In its early years, bicycle construction drew on pre-existing technologies; more recently, bicycle technology has, in turn, contributed ideas in both